According to the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW-PIB), 2025 continued the warming trend observed over the last decade, with average monthly temperatures consistently exceeding the 1991-2020 In 2025, Poland continued to exhibit hydrological duality, or the coexistence of droughts and flash floods. According to the 14th drought assessment Monitoring (SMSR),10o drought conditions persisted in several regions despite late-summer rainfall. Between 1 August and 30 September, drought was confirmed in 20 municipalities, primarily in the Mazovia and todzkie regions. Significant agricultural season. And about 16% of all municipalities in Poland experienced drought conditions (3.6% of agricultural land) for spring cereals; winter cereals were similarly impacted, with drought observed in nearly 2% of levels across most of the country, some areas, such as parts of Mazovia, received only about 40% of normal September precipitation levels. Temperatures remained elevated, exceeding long-term averages by roughly 1.0°℃ -1.5°℃ and potentially limiting the full