from 2000 to 2021. Several economies demonstrate sustained increases in manufacturing employment intensity, with Vietnam showing particularly pronounced growth throughout the period, reflecting successful labor-intensive industrialization strategies. The ROC maintains consistently high employment levels, reinforcing its position as a major manufacturing employer. Conversely, some advanced economies exhibit gradual moderation in manufacturing employment shares, consistent with structural transitions toward higher productivity operations and service-sector development, while maintaining or increasing their manufacturing output APO PRODUCTIVITY OUTLOOK 2026 | ENERGY EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS, AND COMPOSITE INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT | 79