图2：Cumulative Trade Deficit in CUIP, 1990-2024, United States and

implications of IP-related trade-in-services deficits for Canada, a high- income and technologically advanced economy, requires addressing interactions" between IP systems and innovative or absorptive capacities, infuenced by infrastructure, policies and regulations, research institutions services but does not own ensuing IP assets. However, it is not necessarily let alone technologies — Canadians are researching; these might be unrelated. Inbound licensing of IP — such as for equipment, software or other platform technologies — could, in fact, be supporting Canada's R&D capacity. It is also plausible that Canada's rising exports of IP-related