Table 3.1. Structure of agri-subsidies, 2021–2023, billion UZS

89. At the request of the Government of Uzbeki- Water Management. According to the WTO classifica- tion, direct payments can be either trade-distorting stan, this AgPER emphasizes collecting data on or non-trade-distorting, depending on the criteria and analyzing agricultural subsidies. This category during the reform period starting in 2018, and the 90. Agri-subsidies consistently increased until 2021, tripling from 2018 in current prices.39 In and governance. Agri-subsidies are direct payments the peak year of 2021, there were 9,530 billion to agricultural producers, in accordance with the UZS in agri-subsidies, equivalent to 1.3 percent of OECD classification.38 Direct payments to agricul- GDP40 and 6.36 percent of state budget expendi- declined, primarily due to a UzS 2 trillion reduction in debt write-offs from 2021. Although net-of-debt- loans, credit guarantees, debt write-offs, and tax write-off agri-subsidies fell in 2022, their total and customs exemptions. Subsidies in this chapter value remained nearly equal to that in 2020. Then 91. Subsidy instruments and the agricultural subsectors they target expanded after 2017, farm payments. In 2017, nearly all agri-subsi- 92. As with general agricultural public expendi- purchases. Starting in 2018, the government-ini- ture, both the quantity and the quality of subsidies significantly impact the sector. This review subsectors, introduced less distortive tools such primarily analyzes the functional structure, tools, as interest rate compensation, increased the scale beneficiaries, and institutional setup of subsidies to of investment matching grants, and launched a