in 2024 to 9.8 μg/m3 in 2025. This modest rise was driven primarily by increases in several major citiesncludingyivanddesa,whileothereycitsuchasLviv,henivtsiand Vinnytsia recorded decreases. Odesa showed the most pronounced change, with its annual average concentration rising by 60%, from 5.5 μg/m3 in 2024 to 8.8 μg/m3 in 2025. PM2.5 levels doubled in December, relative to the same period in 2024, in Odesa due to the city's reliance on alternative cooking and heating fuel sources after Russian aerial attacks on the Consistent with trends reported in 2024, most smaller cities across the country experienced centers recorded increases. Overall, just eight cities reported increases in annual concentrationscomparedwith25cities that sawdecreases,and the addition of wo new cities in2025.The data for cities included inthisReport are drawn primarily from government-operated monitoring stations, supplemented by a smaller number of non- government stations. Seasonal patterns remained evident, with winter months accounting for higher monthly PM2.5 averages across much of the country; however many cities recorded multiple, non-winter months below the WHO guideline threshold. In 2025, Ukraine's air quality continued to be severely compromised by the ongoing military 202571, Russa launched more than 54,000 long-range drones and over 1,900 missiles Russian drones targeting firefighters.73 citybetweenJune6and10.74Duringune andJuly,Kyivexperienced smogand smoke following Russian shelling and the resulting fires in the city75These short-lived but extreme surges create acute health problems, putting people with respiratory and cardiovascular conditionsatrisk.FrontlinecitieslikeKharkivhavebecomepollutionhotspots,where artillery and industrial fires released a toxic mix of heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, distinct from typical urban pollution.76 The Odesa City Council noted that due to Annual hours spent at different PM2.5 pollution levels
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