Figure 6-5 Per capita cereal production in Africa and the rest of the world, 2018-2023

of land productivity, cereal yield in Africa was ing severe food insecurity in the region (Zhang, 1,698.8 kilograms per hectare in 2023, only two-fifths of the global average. With regard to total factor productivity (TFP) in agriculture, from 2013 to 2022, the annual average growth ribbean were 0.37% and 0.11% respectively. which were 0.37 and 0.63 percentage point In low-income countries, agricultural productiv- lower than the global average (Agnew et al., 2024). Between 2020 and 2023, global per cap- ity is low and the value chain underdeveloped. declining. Regarding agricultural labor produc- ward trend, but in Africa, it continued to decline tivity, in 2021, as much as 58.75% of employ- production dropped to 95.7% of the 2014-2016 ment in low-income countries was in agriculture, but agriculture's value added accounted for average. This trend has led to a widening gap between food supply and demand, insufficient only 25.56%. Per capita agricultural output in low-income countries was less than 1/20 that supply of basic staple food, worsening nutri- of high-income countries. Two-thirds of the tional levels, and a rebound in chronic malnutri- tion rates. The agricultural value chain is locked in low-end segments, with low agricultural ture (UN General Assembly, 2022). In terms