Belgium operates a compulsory health insurance system, primarily funded through income-based social security contributions. Belgium's healthcare system offers broad coverage, with 99% of the population insured, and generally low levels of unmet medical needs (1.0% compared to the EU average of 2.2%). However, cost pressures, waiting times, and regional disparities geld"/"ticket moderateur)—-is paid out of pocket by the patient. Reimbursement fund. The remaining portion-the copayment (remg Financial inequalities persist, as 2.8% of the lowest-income group report unmet ratesdepend on thetype of care, whether the provideris conventioned (i, has agreed tooffcialfe schedules), and the medical needs, compared to 0% among the highest-income group. Significant out-of-pocket (00P) costs, ranging from 17% to 18%, can create additional barriers, especially for low-income households. Beyond financial challenges, long waiting In addition to the mandatory scheme, individuals may purchase supplementary insurance for broader benefits (in terms of type and quality of care) and higher re mbursements, either through the health fund or private insurers. Social times, particularly in mental health services, remain a concern. Furthermore, regional differences in service availability contribute to unequal access. security contributions that finance the basic system are income-based, while premiums for supplementary insurance depend on During the COVID-19 pandemic, access to elective and specialist care declined, and OOP expenses increased, with lower-income households being affected the most. Patients have free choice of doctor, specialist, hospital, or clinic. Non-conventioned providers may charge fees above official rates; these extra costs are not reimbursed and are borne by the patient unless covered by private insurance. Private health insurance in Belgium plays a complementary role, enhancing comfort and financial protection for those who can afford it. It is not designed to the quality of services (for example, by providing access to private hospital rooms), or ensure faster access to certain healthcare services. copayments, private rooms, and nonreimbursed services such as dental, optical, or mutualities or employer-based group plans. However, Belgium stands out for its relatively high per capita health expenditure compared to other European countries. voluntary and lower-income groups are less likely to afford private insurance, compulsory public health insurance. This widespread coverage, complemented by supplementary insurance options, provides Nonetheless, OoP payments account for 17%-18% of total health spending and focus mainly on dental care, outpatient medicines, and medical devices, where reimbursement rates tend to be less generous. greater financial strain and, as a result, may be forced to delay or forgo needed care.