Although this article primarily focuses on energy, other key commodities, particularly food, must also be considered in the AsEAN context, as several economies in the region are net food importers and rely heavily on energy as a critical production input. Even food-producing economies depend on imported intermediate inputs, such as fertilizers sourced largely from the Middle East. Moreover, the share of food As a result, the region is particularly vulnerable to disruptions in both energy and food imports amid tightening supply conditions. Vulnerabilities can be classified based on each country's net import or net export position in key commodities, reflecting the degree of import dependence of each country and Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes; Products Containing Nicotine) 2) Prepared foodstuffs = HS 2022 Section IV (Prepared Foodstuffs; Beverages, Spirits and Vinegar; Tobacco 3) Oiland gas = HS 2022 2709-2711 (Crude Petroleum Oils; Refined Petroleum Products;Petroleum Gases) and food deficit), including the Philippines, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. The Philippines relies heavily on oil imports from the Middle East, alongside relatively high dependence on food imports. In addition, necessitates full reliance on imported oil, as well as its status as a net importer of processed food 2/ The share of food in inflation baskets in the U.S. and the European Union is approximately 13-14%, whereas in ASEAN economies the share is significantly higher, at around 30-40%. 3/ Although LaoDRand Cambodia are net exporters of primaryfood products mainly agricultural rawmaterials),their domesticapacityforfood procesing and productionof
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