income economies reached a record high in 2023. Although not all income groups peaked in that year, each recorded more than 10 per cent growth in labour productivity between 2015 and 2023. Middle- 36.1 per cent, steadily narrowing the gap with high-income economies. The second-highest growth was recorded by low-income economies, income industrializing economies (11.9 per cent), high-income indus- trial economies (11.3 per cent), and middle-income industrializing Overall, these patterns suggest that productivity trends are shaped by a complex set of factors. Understanding these drivers is essential for productivity growth. Expanding manufacturing employment remains vital for supporting livelihoods and social stability. However, sustained and productivity gains, but also on how the benefits of growth are distributed. Over the past decade, in fact, the labour income share has declined by 0.6 percentage points globally, contributing to widening